Understanding Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It is often thought of as a “wear and tear” condition, but modern research suggests that OA is more than just aging joints—it is an active joint disease influenced by multiple factors.
This guide will help you understand what osteoarthritis is, its causes, symptoms, and how physiotherapy and other treatments can help manage the condition effectively.
What is Osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint condition where the cartilage that cushions the joints gradually breaks down, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. However, OA is not just about cartilage loss—it also involves changes in the bone, inflammation, and the soft tissues around the joint.
Who Does Osteoarthritis Affect?
While OA is more common as people get older, it is not just an inevitable part of aging. Several factors influence its development, including:
Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis:
- Age: More common in people over 50, but younger individuals can develop OA too.
- Previous Injuries: Past joint injuries (e.g., ligament tears, fractures) increase OA risk.
- Obesity: Excess weight puts more stress on weight-bearing joints (hips, knees).
- Genetics: Family history can play a role in joint health.
- Joint Overuse or Repetitive Stress: Jobs or sports that involve frequent joint loading may increase risk.
- Muscle Weakness & Poor Biomechanics: Weak muscles can lead to increased joint stress.
Common Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis symptoms usually develop gradually and can vary from person to person. The most commonly affected joints are the knees, hips, hands, and spine, but OA can occur in any joint.
Key Symptoms of OA:
- Pain: Often worse with activity and relieved with rest.
- Stiffness: Common in the morning or after periods of inactivity, usually lasting less than 30 minutes.
- Swelling: Some joints may appear swollen due to mild inflammation.
- Reduced Mobility: Difficulty with movements like squatting, gripping, or walking.
- Creaking or Grinding (Crepitus): A sensation or sound when moving the joint.
How is Osteoarthritis Diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will assess your symptoms, perform a physical examination, and may use imaging such as X-rays or MRI to check for joint changes. However, OA severity on imaging does not always match the level of pain or disability, so clinical assessment is key
Can Osteoarthritis Be Reversed?
While cartilage loss cannot be reversed, the good news is that OA is manageable, and symptoms can improve with the right approach. Early treatment and lifestyle changes can significantly slow progression and improve joint function.
Osteoarthritis Treatment Options
A holistic approach to OA management is the best way to improve mobility and reduce pain.
1. Physiotherapy & Exercise (First-Line Treatment)
- Strength Training: Builds muscle support around joints, reducing stress on affected areas.
- Low-Impact Aerobic Exercise: Activities like walking, cycling, or swimming can improve joint health.
- Balance & Mobility Work: Helps prevent stiffness and improves movement control.
- Pain Education: Learning how to pace activities and modify movements can reduce flare-ups.
Key Message: Exercise is one of the most effective ways to manage osteoarthritis it strengthens muscles, reduces pain, and maintains mobility.
2. Weight Management
For those with OA in weight-bearing joints (knees, hips, spine), losing even a small amount of weight can significantly reduce pain and improve function.
3. Lifestyle Modifications & Joint Protection
- Use Supportive Footwear: Cushioned soles can reduce joint stress.
- Modify Activities: Avoid prolonged high-impact activities but stay active with joint-friendly exercises.
- Use Assistive Devices: Knee braces, orthotics, or walking aids can help support the joints.
4. Pain Management
- Hot or Cold Therapy: Heat relaxes muscles, while ice can help reduce pain.
- Medications: (Prescribed by a doctor): Paracetamol, NSAIDs, or topical pain relievers may help in some cases.
- Injections: Steroid injections or hyaluronic acid may be considered if pain is severe.
5. Surgical Options (Last Resort)
Surgery is considered only when conservative treatments no longer provide relief and daily activities are significantly affected. Options include:
- Arthroscopy: (Keyhole surgery, rarely recommended for OA).
- Osteotomy: (Realigning bones to reduce stress on the joint).
- Joint Replacement: (Knee or hip replacement for severe cases).
The Role of Physiotherapy in Osteoarthritis
Physiotherapy is a crucial part of OA management and helps patients regain confidence in their movement. At Personal-Physio, our approach includes:
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- Individualised Strength & Mobility Plans
- Pain Management Strategies
- Education on Self-Management & Movement Confidence
Final Thoughts: Living Well with Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis doesn’t mean you have to stop moving or doing the things you love. With the right treatment, you can manage your symptoms, stay active, and improve your quality of life.
If you’re experiencing joint pain or stiffness, book a physiotherapy assessment to create a personalised treatment plan that keeps you moving stronger and pain-free.
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